Sviatoslav Richter (March 1915 – August 1997) was a Ukrainian pianist of the Soviet era. Sviatoslav Richter was widely recognized as one of the great pianists of the 20th century, and some consider him to be the greatest of all. He was well known for his vast repertoire, effortless technique and poetic phrasing. Richter was born in Zhitomir (in Ukraine) to a German expatriate father and a Russian mother. He grew up in Odessa. Unusually, he was largely self-taught although his organist father provided him with a basic education in music. Even at an early age, Richter was an excellent sight-reader, and regularly practiced with local opera and ballet companies. He developed a lifelong passion for opera, vocal and chamber music that found its full expression in the festival he established in Grange de Meslay, France. He started to work at the Odessa Conservatory where he accompanied the opera rehearsals.

In 1934 he gave his first recital, at the engineer club of Odessa; but he did not formally start studying piano until three years later, when he enrolled in the Moscow Conservatory, which waived the entrance exam for the young prodigy after it was clear he would not pass. There he became a student of Heinrich Neuhaus, who also taught Emil Gilels, and who claimed Richter to be "the genius pupil, for whom he had been waiting all his life". In 1940, while still a student, he gave the world premiere of the Sonata No. 6 by Sergei Prokofiev, a composer with whose works he was ever after associated. He also became known for skipping compulsory political lessons at the conservatory and being expelled twice during his first year. Always a political outsider in the Soviet Union, he never joined the Communist Party.

Richter met the soprano Nina Dorliak in 1945 when he accompanied her in a program that included songs by Rimsky-Korsakov and Prokofiev. "This was the first meeting in an association that would last the rest of their lives. Richter and Dorliak were never officially married, but they were constant companions. She was the practical counterbalance to his impulsive nature. She would wind his watch for him, remind him of appointments, and manage his professional commitments" (Geffen 1999). In 1949 he won the Stalin Prize, which led to extensive concert tours in Russia, Eastern Europe and China.

The West first became aware of Richter through recordings made in the 1950s. He was not allowed to tour the United States until 1960, but when he did, he created a sensation, playing a series of sold-out concerts in Carnegie Hall. Touring, however, was not Richter's forté. He preferred not to plan concerts years in advance, and in later years took to playing on very short notice in small, often darkened halls, sometimes with only a small lamp lighting his piano. His last Orchestral performance was in 1994 with Japan Shinsei Symphony Orchetsra with his old friend, Rudolf Barshai, conducting. He died in Moscow while studying for a concert series he was to give.